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Integrational linguistics
Integrational Linguistics (or IL for short) is a general approach to linguistics that has been developed by the German linguist Hans-Heinrich Lieb and others since the late 1960s. The term "Integrational Linguistics" as a name for this approach has been used in publications since 1977〔Lieb, Hans-Heinrich. 1977. ''Outline of Integrational Linguistics: Preliminary version''. Berlin: Freie Universität Berlin, Fachbereich Germanistik. (Linguistische Arbeiten und Berichte () Berlin (West) 9).〕 and antedates the use of the same term for integrationism, an unrelated approach developed by Roy Harris.〔Sackmann, Robin. 2006. "Integrational Linguistics (IL)". In: Keith Brown (ed.-in-chief). ''Encyclopedia of language and linguistics''. 2nd edition. Oxford: Elsevier. Vol.5. 704–713.〕 Integrational Linguistics continues being developed by an open group of linguists from various countries.〔(Lieb, Hans-Heinrich: "History of Integrational Linguistics: a short outline" ). ''The Homepage of Integrational Linguistics''. (Retrieved April 21, 2013).〕
==General overview==
Over the past decades, IL has developed two major linguistic theories: (i) a general theory of language (the Integrational Theory of Language) that covers both the systematic features of language systems and the phenomenon of language variability in a unified way, and (ii) a theory of grammars (the Integrational Theory of Grammars), understood as part of a theory of linguistic descriptions. The separation of a theory of language from a theory of grammars is a major feature of IL by which it differs from approaches with a generative orientation. After an initial emphasis on the Integrational Theory of Grammars till the mid-1970s, work in IL has been characterized by a steady and continuous refinement of the Integrational Theory of Language based on empirical data from typologically diverse languages, avoiding basic revisions as they occurred in Chomskyan Generative Grammar.〔〔
The most comprehensive presentation of IL to date is Lieb (1983).〔Lieb, Hans-Heinrich. 1983. ''Integrational Linguistics. Vol. I: General Outline''. Amsterdam; Philadelphia: Benjamins. (= Current Issues in Linguistic Theory 17).〕 This book contains both a theory of grammars and a general theory of language comprising a general morphology, morphosemantics, lexical semantics, syntax, and sentential semantics; a general phonology has been added by Lieb (1998,〔Lieb, Hans-Heinrich. 1998. "Morph, Wort, Silbe: Umrisse einer Integrativen Phonologie des Deutschen". In: Matthias Butt, and Nanna Fuhrhop (eds). ''Variation und Stabilität in der Wortstruktur: Untersuchungen zu Entwicklung, Erwerb und Varietäten des Deutschen und anderer Sprachen''. Hildesheim etc.: Olms. (= Germanistische Linguistik 141–142). 334–407.〕 1999,〔Lieb, Hans-Heinrich. 1999. "Was ist Wortakzent? Eine Untersuchung am Beispiel des Deutschen". In: Wolfgang Schindler, and Jürgen Untermann (eds). ''Grippe, Kamm und Eulenspiegel: Festschrift für Elmar Seebold zum 65. Geburtstag''. Berlin; New York: de Gruyter. 225–261.〕 2008〔Lieb, Hans-Heinrich. 2008. "The case for two-level phonology: German Obstruent Tensing and Nasal Alternation in French". In: Robin Sackmann (ed.). ''Explorations in Integrational Linguistics: four essays on German, French, and Guaraní. (Studies in Integrational Linguistics, 1)''. Amsterdam; Philadelphia: Benjamins. (= Current Issues in Linguistic Theory 285). 21–96.〕). A shorter overview of the theory of language developed in IL may be found in Lieb (1992);〔Lieb, Hans-Heinrich. 1992. "Integrational Linguistics: Outline of a theory of language". In: Hans-Heinrich Lieb (ed.). ''Prospects for a New Structuralism''. Amsterdam; Philadelphia: Benjamins. (= Current Issues in Linguistic Theory 96). 127–182.〕 for its syntactic part see, in particular, Lieb (1993).〔Lieb, Hans-Heinrich. 1993. "Integrational Linguistics". In: Joachim Jacobs, Arnim von Stechow, Wolfgang Sternefeld, and Theo Vennemann (eds). ''Syntax: Ein internationales Handbuch zeitgenössischer Forschung / An International Handbook of Contemporary Research''. Vol.1. Berlin etc.: de Gruyter. (= Handbücher zur Sprach- und Kommunikationswissenschaft 9.1). 430–468.〕 The general orientation of Integrational Linguistics places this approach within a 'New Structuralism' that combines careful attention to methodological soundness, emphasis on actual language description, and a cognitive outlook that leaves language structure outside the mind (Lieb 1992);〔Lieb, Hans-Heinrich (ed.). 1992g. ''Prospects for a New Structuralism''. Amsterdam; Philadelphia: Benjamins. (= Current Issues in Linguistic Theory 96).〕 at the same time, IL is closest among modern approaches to Western grammatical tradition.〔
Integrational Linguistics has its own multilingual website, (''The Homepage of Integrational Linguistics'' ), which contains, among other resources, a comprehensive (''Bibliography of Integrational Linguistics'' ) as well as information about linguists currently working within this approach.
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